Elemental Behavior during Weathering and Pedogenesis of Clay-Rich Red Soils Developed in Different Lithologies in Java–Madura and Sulawesi in Indonesia

Clay-rich red soil profiles developed in different lithologies Indonesia were assessed using geochemical evidence, the migration coefficient and elemental ratios. Our study aimed to ascertain source of materials investigate behavior tropical soils. The results indicate carbonate derived from situ weathering, while basalt profiles, even though having close affinity their bedrock, also showed contribution external materials. Elemental was dynamic with indicating relatively constant depletion distribution. Basalt indicated uneven distribution enrichment depletion. variation linked difference lithologies, age physiochemical conditions. findings support evidence both residual multiple parent formation provide insights into during highlighting influence materials’ deeply weathered